在香港,衝燈正確的控罪是沒有遵從交通燈的指示,以香港法例第374G章道路交通(交通管制)規例第18條作出檢控,而在該規例第17(1)(a)訂明當紅燈亮着,車輛不得越過停車綫;17(1)(e)同樣訂明,當黄燈單獨亮着時,車輛不得越過停車綫。罰則在61(1)條可以找到,初犯最高罰款5,000元及判監3個月。一般以香港法例第240章定額罰款(刑事訴訟)條例來處理,定額罰款600元。根據香港法例第375章道路交通(違例駕駛記分)條例,違例會被扣5分。
章: | 374G | 標題: | 道路交通(交通管制)規例 | 憲報編號: | |
條: | 18 | 條文標題: | 沒有遵從交通燈的指示 | 版本日期: | 30/06/1997 |
從法例可見,違反紅燈或黄燈,是同一條例。當然,你可能未聽過有人被檢控衝黃燈,原因是在大部份的情況下,違反黃燈,難以避免。由綠燈轉為黃燈,正在行駛中,距離交通燈很近的車輛,不應該突然把車煞停,否則會引致撞車。罰則開宗明義講,「任何人無合理辯解而違反...」,所以有合理理由違反交通燈號,可以是抗辯理由。如果車速高,又有緊貼的尾隨車輛,黃燈未必應該停車。若果距離燈位遠,有足夠煞車時間,又沒有車輛緊貼而過黃燈,被檢控就不存合理辯解,衝黃燈也可以被定罪,同樣是罰600元扣5分。為免無謂爭抝,警察幾乎不會檢控衝黃燈的司機,久而久之,駕駛者以為駛過黄燈,理所當然,並不違法。
在市區車速限制50公里的地方,單獨黃燈時間為3秒,紅黃燈時間為兩秒(澳洲沒有紅黃同時亮着的燈號)。車速限制越高,單獨黃燈時間越長。怎樣才是正確駕駛態度呢?如果以車速50公里計算,每秒鐘行車13.88米,約是3架普通私家車的長度。一般駕駛者的反應時間是0.8秒至1秒,職業司機約0.4秒。我建議當車輛離開燈位約6、7個車位時,應該收油。在那距離轉黄燈,無論如何,都要停車,考慮時間加實際煞車所需,只有20多米。如果轉燈時間離開交通燈只有3個車位,絕對無需停車。最尷尬的情況是離開黃燈5、6個車位的時間,停車與否,要視乎個人的反應,包括能否準確判斷與交通燈的距離,有沒有機會看倒後鏡視察尾隨車輛是否緊貼。無論如何我不會超速衝過去。
新南威爾斯有關沒有遵從交通燈的指示的法例,性質上和香港相同,但法例把衝紅燈和衝黃燈分開訂立在不同條例,交通條例 2008 (Road Rules 2008)第56條講紅燈及紅箭嘴,
Rule 56 Stopping for a red traffic light or arrow
第57條講黃燈及黃箭嘴,(1) A driver approaching or at traffic lights showing a red traffic light must stop:
(a) if there is a stop line at or near the traffic lights—as near as practicable to, but before reaching, the stop line, or(b) if there is a stop here on red signal sign at or near the traffic lights, but no stop line—as near as practicable to, but before reaching, the sign, or(c) if there is no stop line or stop here on red signal sign at or near the traffic lights—as near as practicable to, but before reaching, the nearest or only traffic lights,and must not proceed past the stop line, stop here on red signal sign or nearest or only traffic lights (as the case may be) until the traffic lights show a green or flashing yellow traffic light or no traffic light.
Maximum penalty: 20 penalty units.
違例最高罰款為20個罰款單位,每個罰款單位為110澳元(Section 17 Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999)。如果以定額罰款方式來處理,不論紅燈黃燈,都罰353元及扣3分。新州道路車速限制變化大,由學校區的40公里至快速公路的90公里路段都有交通燈,黃燈的時間也因應車速限制而改變,黃燈由3秒至5、6秒都有。遇到黃燈,應該繼續向前駛抑或煞車,是可以計算出答案的問題。只要把車速÷3600秒,就可以計算出每秒行車距離,把個人反應的時間,所駕駛車輛的煞車性能,車胎紋痕的狀況及路面狀況等因素計算在內,便可訂出個人安全駕駛模式。(1) A driver approaching or at traffic lights showing a yellow traffic light must stop:
(a) if there is a stop line at or near the traffic lights and the driver can stop safely before reaching the stop line—as near as practicable to, but before reaching, the stop line, or(b) if there is no stop line at or near the traffic lights and the driver can stop safely before reaching the traffic lights—as near as practicable to, but before reaching, the nearest or only traffic lights, or(c) if the traffic lights are at an intersection and the driver cannot stop safely in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b), but can stop safely before entering the intersection—before entering the intersection,and must not proceed past the stop line or nearest or only traffic lights, or into the intersection (as the case may be), until the traffic lights show a green or flashing yellow traffic light or no traffic light.
Maximum penalty: 20 penalty units.
如果違反交通燈號給抄了牌,有沒有抗辯理由呢?上面講過,香港法例的寫法是「任何人無合理辯解而違反...」(any person who without reasonable excuse contravenes ...),新州法例寫法是控罪是嚴格法律要求(offence of strict liability),
(2) Offences are strict liability offences
An offence against these Rules is a strict liability offence for the purposes of Chapter 2 of the Commonwealth Criminal Code (as applied by subrule (1)), except where these Rules expressly provide otherwise. (Rule 10-1(2) Road Rules 2008)
所謂嚴格法律要求,具體來講就是控方無需證明違例者的犯罪意圖(mens rea),只要證明車輛違反交通燈號,而被告是司機就足夠。違例司機說看不到交通燈,不知道衝了燈,都不是法律上的抗辯理由。一般否認控罪的人,都是以沒有衝燈來作抗辯,如果遇上控方證人表現差,辯方盤問出色,一樣可以脫罪。如果是紅燈機那類證據,脫罪機會就較難,唯一抗辯是在技術方面(technicality)入手。不過,先此聲明,遇到這類抄牌,不要找我尋求脫罪方法,世上並無萬靈丹(panacea),抗辯失敗,要罰雙倍加堂費。小心安全駕駛,就是萬靈丹。
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