2011年10月24日星期一

再談法官進入競技場

L及VL君是標少的忠實讀者,不時會在blog中評論,對我作出提點,以睿智啟迪我的愚昧。L過於客氣,總是戰戰兢兢的,生怕打擊我的自尊心,叫我不要介意。L君可以放心,標少心高氣傲,只不依附權貴,也不是小器的人。有的讀者會覺得我看法膚淺,不值一哂,有的贊同我的看法而發出共鳴。就算罵我也不要緊,都是不同的表達方式,總好過我孤孤單單的孤芳自賞,想法狹隘。

對上一篇講裁判官黃國輝被指過份干預控辯雙方的盤問,以致被告上訴成功脫罪。我相信在主控官的心目中,黃國輝並不是一個好官,原因是他對主控那種蔑視的態度,不顧別人的自尊而作出羞辱。故此當他多次被指進入競技場而使上訴得直,主控官都心存欣喜,我完全可以理解。黃國輝也許應該反躬自省,展示一下正確的司法情操judicial temperament。上一篇之所以寫,並非為黄國輝'翻案。也許我對杜麗冰的本事看不上眼,對她過份挑剔。

我在上一篇講,黄國輝向非禮案證人澄清被盯着胸部的時間,並無不妥。在看不到原審謄本的情形下,原因為何,只能猜測。辯方律師指黃國輝用引導方式去剪裁證人的證供。先看甚麼叫引導方式。從上訴判辭所引述原審謄本來看,證人已說出侵犯人看着她胸部四至五秒,這證供並非法官引導出來的。這裏包含兩個元素,第一,看著胸部,第二,時間四至五秒。黄國輝叫證人看着秒針,以客觀科學的方法來估計,這不叫澄清答案,還可以叫甚麼呢?假如我是法官,我對證人說:「證人,一般人對時間的描述都很主觀及不準確。你說侵犯人看着你的胸部四五秒,請看着法庭時鐘的秒針,然後告訴我究竟是多少時間?」變成這樣的問法,是否屬於證清呢?可能你會說黃國輝的問題一開始已下了價值判斷,說四五秒不是短時間,引導證人講侵犯人看着她的胸比四五秒短一點。這答案對上訴人有甚麼不公平及不公正的地方?這證供又怎樣剪裁呢?剪裁了來套入那處呢?在上訴判辭,我看不到。

引導方式的證供有甚麼不妥?有一次辯方律師站起來打斷我引導證人作供。
"It's a leading question!"
"What is wrong with the leading question? Is it in issue? If it is not in issue, then let's don't waste time."
我反問辯方引導式的問題有何不妥,他答不上嘴。

引導方式的證供有甚麼不妥?它會影響證據價值evidential value。這件案證人講四至五秒,目的是說那侵犯人有猥褻意圖,時間越長這意圖越明顯,否則為甚麼要盯住胸部。把時間剪裁短了,對被告當然有利。如果變成只看了一眼,就更加難凸顯這猥褻意圖,黃國輝這樣問證人豈非對被告更為有利?杜麗冰只舉了這例子來附和辯方的指責,標少很難不認為是空泛缺乏內涵的廢話。可能是杜麗冰舉錯例,又有可能是她辭不達意。黃國輝問了900條問題,找一些明顯不公正的例子有這樣難嗎?所以不要怪我對她的能力置疑。

L君對我所講從不妥協退縮的態度有所質疑,遇到證人的證供和口供紙所講差距大,我一樣會告知法庭,恪守遊戲規則,不打「茅波」。自己檢控的時候,有的案會很着緊把被告定罪,有些會看得輕鬆。定罪與否是法官的事,舉證的態度卻是控方的事。讓步(concession)是我一般都不會做的。公義justice這辭在我離開競技場越久,體會和感受與昔日越來越不相同。法庭的公正並不等同公義的彰顯。以這件非禮案而言,受害人不禁要問,兩次的審訊都因法官出了問題而把被告放掉,公義對她在何處彰顯?

上星期Vivian在我的在地鐵及巴士上發生的非禮案一文留言,指她的弟弟被控非禮,問定罪的成數。我不知控方證據有多強,就算知道,誰能說得清。一則有遊戲規則,復有不同角色的人從中摻和,審訊結果難料。任何環節出了問題,都可以影響結果。法官並非全知全能,無處不在的東西,有些更不是東西。法官跟隨遊戲規則,沒有犯錯的話,定罪也可能被推翻,犯了錯更不在話下。我並非希望每件案都把被告定罪,而是判被告無罪或上訴得直,都能夠講出清晰的理由,並不是矇混過關。










2 則留言:

  1. Bill


    The appeal about the judge step into the arena is not a new thing. It was arising in many previous appeal cases. An experienced front line staff would have a sense that the judge asks too much questions. If a judge is nice and patient guy, it is easier to handle. the prosecutor could further expose other areas and ask further questions to balance the number of questions.

    In facts, if the judge asks too question, the prosecutor would not have a good feeling because it indicated that you are incompetent and stupid.

    The most difficult scenario is : the judge had heat argument with defence. The prosecutor will be in difficult position. On the one hand, he did not want to participate into the argument. On the other hand, if the argument carried on, it would cause problem to the end-result - bias.

    VL

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  2. VL

    The trial judge enters into the arena is of course nothing new though not as old as the arena itself.

    The number of questions is one thing, the technique of asking is another. If the judge asks neutral questions or make them appear like clarifications, it will be easier for the appellate court to find justification for the intervention. I know Raymond Wong is not a nice guy sitting on the bench, suffice for me to pause here and say no further.

    When the judge embroils in heated argument with the defence, the prosecutor should find an opportunity or pretext to ask for indulgence to adjourn the trial for a short while to let the judge cool his head.

    Inexperience prosecutors always face the humiliation you mentioned. While they have my full sympathy about the frustration, I should also mention not everyone is fit to be a prosecutor.

    Hey, I from time to time share my experience with you folks to give you encouragement. May I jokingly end the reply by the following.

    A magistrate intervened the prosecutor's examination of a witness to the extent that the prosecutor can no longer tolerate, "Your Worship, if you ask this question on my behalf, I withdraw it. If you ask on my friend's behalf, I oppose to it."

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